WESTERN INDIA,YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $

WESTERN INDIA,YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

Kanagawaの日本条約、1854年3月31日。

Kanagawaの日本条約、1854年3月31日。

アメリカ人、インド、日本の銀行券のためのJapan.Pavedの方法の米国と帝国間の条約、

日本銀行券、日本稀な銀行券、西部のインドのアメリカの稀な銀行券、世界の稀な銀行券、横浜正貨の銀行券、インドの銀行券、hansatsuの中央銀行、

Commodoreペリーの脅やかす「黒によってTokugawaのshogunateで強制されるこの一致は」、日本の海岸からの外国の貿易業者の事実上の排除(オランダ人がある例外)の2世紀に終えられて出荷する。 米国の侵入。 初め海岸か着陸を離れて難破させられた場合(虐待によって一致されるアメリカの捕鯨乗組員から得られる準備か修理については大統領の手紙を見なさいフィルモア。 条約は十分に米国を満たした。 政府の心配この点でしかし外国貿易へ国を開けることの同じように大切な問題を未来に任せられて; ハリスの条約の署名との1858年に完了される。

ペリーの大きい達成は広くその時に確認された。 多分 9月の提督にカントンでアメリカ商人が送る集合的な記念物より45年のサービスのこの海軍ベテランのためのよい賞賛がない。 米国への彼の帰りの1854年:
「帝国の大事にされた方針の転覆によって人の頑強な意志を征服した、が、疎遠された持って来たり国家の系列に人々をculturated。 暴力なしでこれをし、打撃の発砲のない私達の国の旗の前の偏見の落下の障壁を見るために世界は賞賛と見た。「

日本の米国そして帝国は、2つの国家間のしっかりした、持続、および誠実な友情を確立することを望んで明確そして肯定的、平和および友好の未来以内にそれぞれの国の肉体関係で相互に観察される規則の条約か一般的な大会によってある意味では固定することを、解決した; どののために最も好ましい目的米国大統領が彼の長官の相談された全力を持っているか、 Matthew Calbraithペリー、日本への米国の特別な大使、および日本の8月の主権者は彼の長官に同じような全力を与えた。 . . . . . そして彼らの言われた全力を交換し、正しく前提として考慮される言われた長官は、後次の記事に同意した

Situation leading to issue of this bond,taiwan loan etc

どの要因が日本の金本位へ戻ることの確率に影響を与えることとして市場の関係者によって感知されたか定める20年代の間の円の価値の分岐点。 1920年からへの 1924sは軍拡張主義、政治騒ぎおよび他の劇的な政治および制度上のでき事によって示された。 私達はKenseikaiおよびSeiyukai党と中国との外交関係を悪化させること間の力の変更が円の価値の分岐点に一義的な責任があったことを結論を出す。 選挙権の民主主義の動きそして準の拡張は同世代の人によって重要ように見られないようではない。

1920年1月、

大統領(およびより遅い大蔵大臣) Inoue Junnosuke 日本銀行、

慣習的な経済理論の後で、順序できつく締められた財政はへの「きれいになる

」経済の上。 株式市場は3月中旬および波での転落した

破産および下る物価は深刻な暴落を予告した。

このrecessionary気候で、金子は無情にに進んだ

から及ぶ区域の新しい会社を進水させる鈴木の多様化を追求しなさい

食料品への重工業への産業オイル。 彼のを越えて先に行くこと

関連の企業の圧力、金子はすべてのタイプの生産的に拡大した

企業。 20年代までに新しい鈴木の関係団体は新しい努力を始めていた

化学および電気企業では、産業潤滑油、大豆油

食糧および商品を交換し、出荷し続けることと同様、精製所。

第1次世界大戦の後で投資された新しい企業金子はすべて

結局日本の経済の重要で、有益なセクターは、なる

成熟の年の後やっと。 これらは破壊的に高い開始だった

すぐに鈴木の戦時すべてを消費する投資は、もっと利益を得。

ますます政府に回る金子は台湾の銀行をのための経営する

融資。 1920年代初期までに明確にことは鈴木および銀行なっていた

台湾の困難な期間に入っていた。 鈴木のĨ300より多くの負債

1925によって百万は銀行のĨ669の顕著な貸付け金のほぼ半分を構成した

その年および不道徳な円は続いた: 鈴木がより大きくおよびより大きい借りたように

台湾のそれはの銀行からの合計銀行のためにに懸命そしてより懸命になった

鈴木への屑の貸付け金。

満州は10月の回転の後で弱まったロシアと長いボーダーを共有した。 ロシア制御の下にあった中国の東の鉄道のラインはトラックの北の満州および土地を通ってすぐにどちら側でもロシアの領域であると考慮された動いた。 1917年から約1924まで頻繁にロシアの側面の鉄道の作動を担当したそれが明確ではなかったこと新しい共産主義の政府にそのような難しさがシベリアにそれ自身を確立することをあっていた。 まだ、チャンは最終的段階を避け、1924の後でロシア人は鉄道上の彼らの優勢を再建することをどうにかして。

不安定状態がHailarの肺ペストの発生によっていかに示された時々成長できるか、1920年10月の中国の東の鉄道の西部端に町。 中国軍隊は茶番劇に大きい数および回された鉄道の検疫にいた。 兵士は接触として投獄された、人口の四分の一が屈した、Amur川のDalainorの鉱山の町に脱出した彼らの僚友の何人か自由に置き。 他の方向でウラジオストクまでの中国の東の鉄道に沿うall the町は感染した。 すべてでは、約 9,000は死んだ、一方では少数の接触だけ南満州に達できた。

日本人は問題の多くを提起した。 1904-05の Russo日本戦争の後でそれらは南満州の2つの重要な前哨を得た: Guandongは満州の最南の部分の 218平方マイル半島から領域を成っていたリースした。 それは日本へメインリンクになったDairenの凍らない港を(中国語の大連として知られている)含んでいた。 北方にコロニーから達することは長春の中国の東の鉄道とつながる瀋陽を南満州の鉄道(日本人がMukdenと言う)通った。 鉄道トラックのどちら側でも土地は余分領土に、Guandongの日本の軍隊によって今残り制御される。 容認する満州の7,000からチャンが中国の公衆の反日感情の遊ぶ舌戦を維持したが14,000人から維持され、

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,yokuhoma banknote,

长崎著名为中国物品 II

葡萄牙人，是早先生存在一所特别被修建的海岛监狱在长崎港口叫Dejima，从群岛一共被逐出了，并且荷兰人从他们的基地被移动了在Hirado入贸易的海岛。 在1720对荷兰书的禁令被取消了，造成数百学者充斥入长崎学习欧洲科学和艺术。 结果，长崎适合rangaku的一个主要中心或者 “荷兰语学会”。 在江户时代， Tokugawa shogunate 治理了城市，任命hatamoto，长崎bugyō，作为它的首要管理员。

Ōura教会1864年建造的是日本的一件全国珍宝

公众舆论在史学家之中曾经是长崎是日本的唯一的窗口在世界在它的时间作为一个闭合的国家在Tokugawa时代。然而，现今它是通常承认的这不是实际情形，因为日本互动了并且换了与Ryūkyū王国、韩国和俄国通过各自萨摩烧、津岛和Matsumae。 然而，长崎在当代艺术和文学被描述了作为充满以异乎寻常的求知欲的一个世界性口岸从西部世界。

1808年，在拿破仑似的战争期间皇家海军大型驱逐舰 HMS敞蓬旅游车进入了长崎港口寻找荷兰贸易船。 结果地方行政官无法抵抗对食物、燃料和水，最新做的 seppuku的英国的需求。 法律由于加强沿海防御，威胁死亡对闯入的外国人和提示英国和俄国译者的训练这个事件通过了。

Tōjinyashiki (唐人屋敷) 或中国工厂在长崎也是重要输送管道对于中国物品和信息为日本市场。 各种各样的五颜六色的中国客商和艺术家航行了在中国大陆和长崎之间。 一些实际上结合了客商和艺术家的角色例如18世纪伊Hai。 它被相信多达长崎的人口的三分之一此时的也许汉语

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,yokuhoma banknote,

长崎著名为中国物品

长崎著名为中国物品

Navarrese Jesuit传教士St. 1549年Francis Xavier 在疆土的另一个部分到达了， 1551年，但左为中国并且很快之后死了。 保持后边的他的追随者转换了一定数量的daimyo (封建主)。 最著名在他们之中是Ōmura Sumitada， 1571年从他的转换获得巨大赢利向“Kirishitan ”宗教通过一个伴随的成交从葡萄牙船接受贸易的部分在口岸他们在长崎建立以他的协助。

Kameyama商品用长崎荷兰贸易船， 19世纪刺激

小的港口村庄迅速增长入不同的港口城市，并且通过长崎被进口的葡萄牙产品(例如烟草、面包、纺织品和称castellas的葡萄牙海绵蛋糕)被同化了入普遍的日本文化。 天麸罗，当不葡萄牙语在起源，采取它的名字从葡萄牙词， ‘Tempero’，这文化交流的忍受的作用的另一个例子。 葡萄牙人也带来与他们许多物品从中国。

由于不稳定在Sengoku期间， Sumitada 和Jesuit领导人Alexandro Valignano期间设想计划通过行政控制过度对耶稣的社会而不是看见一非宽容daimyo 接管的宽容城市。 因此，在一个短期在1580年以后，市 长崎是Jesuit殖民地，在他们的行政和军事控制之下。 它在Japan.In的其他地区的成为了一个避难所为基督徒逃脱虐待1587年，然而，统一国家的Toyotomi Hideyoshi的竞选在Kyūshū到达了。 与大基督徒影响有关在南日本，以及激活和什么被察觉， Jesuits在日本政界扮演的傲慢角色， Hideyoshi定购了所有传教士开除和安置城市在他的直接控制之下。 然而，逐出令是主要unenforced，并且事实依然是大多数长崎的人口保持公开虔诚的天主教徒。

1596年，西班牙船圣Felipe被击毁了在离Shikoku的附近海岸，并且Hideyoshi从它的飞行员获悉西班牙方济会修士是日本的利比亚入侵的先锋。 合情合理Hideyoshi在长崎定购了二十六位天主教徒在十字架上钉死在2月5日那年(即。 日本的“二十六个受难者”)。葡萄牙贸易商未被放逐，然而，和，因此被继续的城市兴旺。

YOKUHAMA,OSAK,NAGASAKI WERE MAIN BUSINESS CENTERS THEN IF NOT FOR MISHAP OF ATOM BOMB MOST POPULATION WILL BE CHINESE AN SCHOLAR SAID

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,yokuhoma banknote,

Meganebashi (眼镜桥梁)

1602年， Augustinian传教士在日本也到达了， 1603年，并且，当Tokugawa Ieyasu采取了力量，天主教仍然被容忍了。 许多宽容daimyo是重要盟友在Sekigahara争斗，并且 Tokugawa位置不是足够强的移动反对他们。 一旦大阪城堡被采取了，并且Toyotomi Hideyoshi的子孙杀害了，虽然， Tokugawa 优势是确定的。 另外，荷兰和英国存在允许贸易，不用附上的宗教串。 因此， 1614年天主教被取缔了，并且所有传教士正式地被预定离开。 多数宽容daimyo 放弃信仰，并且强迫他们的主题如此做，虽然一些在东南亚不会放弃宗教和左国家为澳门、Luzon和Japantowns。 迫害一次残酷竞选跟随，当数以万计改变信仰者横跨Kyūshū和日本的其他部分被杀死，被拷打或者被迫放弃他们的宗教。

天主教的前气喘作为一种开放宗教和最后主要军事行动在日本直到明治维新，是Shimabara 叛乱1637年。 没有证据证明当欧洲直接地指使了叛乱时， Shimabara领域是基督徒韩几十年，并且反叛者采取了许多葡萄牙主题和基督徒像。结果，在Tokugawa社会词“Shimabara”变硬了在Tokugawa宣传和不忠之间的连接，再次经常使用的基督教。

Shimabara叛乱也说服了许多政府决策人员外国影响比他们值得了，带领全国隔离政策是更多麻烦。

Korea under Japan,GPA COPY

不忠のUchidaを訴えているItoはスピーチを作った。 Katsuraはに書いた 山形 不平を言うこと、およびItoは6月に内々関与した議会、彼のために開いた位置の大統領として戻るために辞職した 山形」 sの辞職。 Ito走行している間駅の韓国人によって暗殺された 哈爾濱 10月26日に。 助手Sone Aresukeは居住者一般的にのなった 韓国; しかしKatsuraおよび山形からの圧力は彼の神経衰弱をもたらし、彼は1910年5月25日にTerauchiによって取り替えられた。 日本 600人のより多くのgendarmesにに送られる 韓国、併合の条約は整理され。 日本 に屈服した 英本国」そのsの要求税率との 韓国 次の10年の間同じは残る。 キャビネットおよび皇帝Meijiは条約を承認し、Terauchiおよび韓国の総理大臣はそれに署名した ソウル 8月29日に。 韓国 日本帝国のコロニーはなり、35年間そう残る。 日本」 sの人口は1891年から1913年に、そして1900年後の52,000,000に41,000,000から増加した 日本 米のために綿の商品をからの交換している食糧の純輸入国はあった 韓国.

Yoginkenとしてのための呼ばれたドルの証明書を出す許可を与えられた

米国のための日本の港。 貿易。 長崎および函館は最初にそして後で開いた
yokohomaはアメリカ人のための投げられた開いていた貿易後の方でyokohomaによってが主要な港にのためのなってしまった

商品の運輸近隣の中国、日本および他の国に。
上記の事件の背部低下でイギリスの王冠はまたアメリカ人に協力した

艦隊をのための禁止を持ち上げることによって造り始められる日本語として
構造大きい船のそして購入されるオランダ語からの多くの船銃、腕およびハーモニー

アメリカ人の船に逆らうため。 この情況西部の貿易業者
インド米国と共にSuratおよびボンベイの港からの貿易をしている。貿易業者

銀行Yokohomaで、日本を始め、銀行券を出し始めた
西部のインドの中央銀行として名前そして様式。 これはあった注意する

日本および中国の地域の循環。
ほとんどの銀行券は中央銀行によるよりもむしろ商業銀行によって、ように出された

他の場所。 第19世紀日本の銀行券問題の規則
そして中国は緩かった。 政府は税および料金のための銀行券の支払を受け入れた

銀行からだけ高貴なチャーターによってまたはColonialの下で組み込んだ
規則。 しかしこれは他の銀行がノートを出すことを防がなかった。
$5の下の種類の銀行券がスペシャルなしでは出されない注意しなかった

政府の許可: 目標は手にの得る銀行券を防ぐことだった
銀行崩壊の場合にもっと苦しむより貧しい人々。 ノート出る 3

実際は銀行は19世紀に倒れた: Agraおよびマスターの人
インドの銀行および商業銀行株式会社および全体的のの間の東

1866年の財政危機、およびOriental Bank Corporation -主要なノートissuersin 1884年の1。

1878では紙幣の買戻しは国家債務、日本人を高めた

政府は1880の4月2,300,000円の銀製の価値を、政府販売した
銀の販売されるに対して6,600,000円紙幣しかしそれらの価値を増加することは

ない助け全然。 政府はまた金および銀の販売を時禁止した
株式取引所は紙幣の平価切下げをとた。 新しい税はsikeでもたらされた

米から作られるbreverage。
量の1,200,000円があった11月に中央資金および2,600,000の円のws からalloted

ノートの買戻しのためのローカル予算でalloted。紙幣は出た
この期間の間に容易にインフレーションを高めるために造られた。1868 政府

商工会議所を確立し、ある特定の会社に割引く許可を与えた
8つの都市の紙幣および金、銀を出す資金は処分に置かれた、

ドルおよび硬貨の証明書。 大阪および京都だけ出る許可を与えられた
僅かのcurency兌換できなく。 僅か通貨を見ることはあった

表面仕上げ不足の政府によって出される紙幣そして銅貨。 1円を除いて
すべての金に注意し、銀証券はそれぞれの金属に変換可能だった。

1872割引およびペーパーを出す許可を与えられた10人の会社
10の都市のお金は巨大と失うである政府清算された

創始者およびguaranteerは清算のための責任そして要求に耐えなければならない
量。 1875変換可能がにある私用ノートを与えられる政府

政府紙幣および私用ノートの量半分の。 このの下情況
政府は174,000,000円の量のための貸付け金の戦争の主に支払うために結束を出した

そして彼らの古い国債と交換の年金者は先に出た。
第2そして第15国立銀行、上記に許可されたある例外があった

銀行はYoginkenとしてのための呼ばれたドルの証明書を出す許可を与えられた
1877年の年の15,000,000円の量。

戦乱の日本はこの結束を出した戦乱の日本はこの結束を出した

戦乱の日本はこの結束を出した戦乱の日本はこの結束を出した

日本ECONONOMYおよび軍隊の背景HITORYを見なさい

Saionjiは1906年1月6日に総理大臣に似合い、Katsuraに彼のキャビネットに両者の人だけ置くことによって彼の約束を守った。 政府はscripを出し、収入を得るために鉄道を国有にした。 政府は1890年の立憲政体以来の経済の40%以上に投資して、半世紀の間そうし続ける。 これはヨーロッパ戦争が始まったまで衰退した刺激し、持続した後退で起因した経済の好調を。 政府は1898年にタバコと 1904年に塩の独占を始めた。 Saionjiの政府は組織するためにKatayamaが導いた社会主義党を可能にし 毎日Commoner 復興させた。 3月では会合は市街電車料金および多くの社会主義者の阻止に導かれた暴力の提案された増加を抗議した。 1906では千人の抗夫よりもっとAshioの銅の会社によって低い賃金および濫用を抗議し、それは暴動になり、他の鉱山の悩みに先行していた。 造船所および工廠の労働者はまた高い賃金のために騒いだ。 基2月Kotoku Shusuiおよびでは1907年第2日本社会主義党議会でそれらを処置をとるように説得し政府は分解した社会主義党を発注した。 動きは民主的な方法を支持しているKatayamaの派閥と裂けた。 1907では義務教育は4年から6年に延長であり、1908に就学率は98%だった。

Hayashi Tadasuはロンドンからリコールされ、外相になった。軍隊が満州の避難を実施することを反対したときにHayashiは彼の辞職を堤出した; しかし皇帝は彼に滞在をした。 皇帝は鉄道が満州の南鉄道で守るように軍隊に撤回するように命じ 13,000人を残す。 けれども1907年4月15日の避難の締切は十分に会わなかった。 11月の中国はイギリスの私用しっかりした鉄道の権利を提供したが、外務次官のエドワードの寛大な灰色は取り引きを支えなかった。 Hayashiは様々な力の一致によって中国の貿易を保証することを向けた。 1907年 6月10日に日本はフランスが南満州の日本の存在を認める間、中国宣言するフランスのインドシナの支配圏を確認するパリの一致におよび南中国の開放政策を署名したが。 三日後にロシアは哈爾濱で日本に鉄道をつなぐことに同意した。 ロシアのための北球および日本のための南1に満州を分けるラインにおよび3年で1907年一致した後で7月日本およびロシア彼らはこの状態の。quoを断言した。 日本の軍の予算は1908年に1906年から65 ,000,000円の37,000,000円から増加した。 1909の新しい規則はBushidoコードから軍の精神を高めるために引いた。

現実的な小説はEmile Zolaの仕事によって影響を及ぼされた自然主義的な小説に導いた。 1904年のShimazakiでTosonは出版した 壊れた命令 outcasteのEtaのクラスについて。 Ushimatsuの父はherdsman であるために社会を残し彼の息子は彼の相続財産を明らかにするために誓約を決して取らない。 Tosonは Etaの起源のために彼らの位置を失った約2人の教師を読んだ。 1907年のTayamaにKataiは書いた キルト(布団)、この自然主義的な小説は告解室の日本の傾向を「私20年代および 30年代に特に普及するようになった小説」始め。

1904年11月17日に 韓国 外交政策を制御し、ソウルの居住者を維持するようにしなさい日本が一致した。 Itoは居住者一般的な日本第1任命されたが黒いドラゴンの主任Uchida Ryoheiは彼のスタッフに置かれた。 Uchidaは結合日本および韓国の併合のためのキャンペーンを促進するために社会(Ilchinhoe)を組織した。 ItoはそれからUchidaに彼自身を公に分離させるが100,000社会のプロジェクトに資金を供給するために円を貢献することを Uchidaは軍隊を準備した。 王の後でKojongはインターナショナルに代表者を差し向けた 平和会議 Hague 日本の帝国主義について不平を言う1907年7月では彼は捨てさせる。 日本の居住者一般的のより多くの権限を得、韓国の軍隊は解散した。 イギリス人は日本軍を反逆者の調査の村を燃やすことを観察した。 暴動は1908年に70,000になり、1年11,962に韓国人は殺された。

1906年10月16日に山形は皇帝をとの示した 帝国のための国防の計画 それはロシア人を北の満州から運転し、南中国を征服することを提案した。 戦争の大臣を持っていることTerauchiによる1908年 7月では、KatsuraおよびKomuraによって取り替えられる山形によって得られるSaionjiおよび Hayashi辞職しなさい。 それらは小さい党と併合し、体質性の国民党を形作った。

1909年4月に不忠のUchidaを訴えているItoはスピーチを作った。 Katsuraは不平を言う山形に書きItoは6月に内々関与した議会、山形の辞職によって彼のために開いた位置の大統領として戻るために辞職した。 Ito走行している間10月26日に哈爾濱の駅の韓国人によって暗殺された。 助手Sone Aresukeは居住者一般的にのなった 韓国; しかしKatsura および山形からの圧力は彼の神経衰弱をもたらし、彼は1910年5月25日にTerauchiによって取り替えられた。 日本は韓国に600人のより多くのgendarmesを差し向け、併合の条約は整理された。 日本はその英本国の要求に税率をとの屈服した 韓国 次の10年の間同じは残る。 キャビネットおよび皇帝Meijiは条約を承認し、Terauchiおよび韓国の総理大臣は8月29日にソウルのそれに署名した。 韓国は日本帝国のコロニーに転じ、35年間そう残る。 日本の人口は1891年から1913年に52,000,000に41 ,000,000から増加し、1900年後に日本は韓国からの米のために綿の商品を交換している食糧の純輸入国だった。

NAGASAKI MAP OF 1855 WHEN US FIRST LANDED

the accidental landing of a Portuguese ship in 1542 at Kagoshima Prefecture, the zealous Christian missionary Francis Xavier arrived in another part of the territory in 1549. Xavier, left for China in 1551 (dying soon after departure), but his followers converted a number of daimyo (warlords), the most notable of whom was Omura Sumitada. His conversion was to prove profitable, as a deal was struck in which he would receive a proportion of the trade from Portuguese ships at a port that the two parties established in 1571. This port was Nagasaki.

It would not take long before the little harbor village bloomed into a diverse port city. Its cosmopolitan fame spread quickly, with people all over Japan craving things Portuguese, such as tobacco, bread, tempura, sponge-cake and clothing. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods of Chinese origin.

The port's prosperity was threatened, however, in 1587, when a new Japanese shogun, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, came to power. His anxiety over the extent of Christian influence in southern Japan caused him to order the expulsion of all missionaries. Nagasaki's administrative control, which had been given in part to Jesuits by Omura, returned to imperial control. Nevertheless, Portuguese traders were not ostracized, and the city's culture continued to thrive.

In 1596, the captain of a Spanish galleon crashed in Shikoku, only to have his ship impounded. He boasted that with the increased numbers of Christians, he could oust the shogun. To discourage such threats, Hideyoshi lost no time in marching the captain around the country in disgrace. Later, in Nagasaki City he would crucify 26 Christians--Franciscans and a few Japanese - as a further deterrent.

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NAGASAKI AFTER ATOM BOMB,Japan banknotes,

Nagasaki during World War II
The Bockscar and its crew, who dropped the "Fat Man" atomic bomb on Nagasaki.

The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest sea ports in southern Japan and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other war materials.

In contrast to many modern aspects of Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of wood or wood-frame buildings with wood walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of wood or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley.

Nagasaki had never been subjected to large-scale bombing prior to the explosion of a nuclear weapon there. On August 1, 1945, however, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit in the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landed at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and many people—principally school children—were evacuated to rural areas for safety, thus reducing the population in the city at the time of the nuclear attack.

To the north of Nagasaki there was a camp holding British Commonwealth prisoners of war, some of whom were working in the coal mines and only found out about the bombing when they came to the surface. At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as thirteen POWs may have died:
PEOPLE AND PLANE WHO BOMBED NAGASAKI see japan banknotes

EMPIRE OF JAPAN TREATY,USA SOLDIERS ENJOY TELLING STORIES,

EMPIRE OF JAPAN TREATY

Kanagawa, March 31, 1854.

Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan.Paved way for american,india,japan banknotes,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

This agreement, forced on the Tokugawa shogunate by Commodore Perry's menacing "black ships," ended over two centuries of virtual exclusion (the exception being the Dutch) of foreign traders from the coast of Japan. The intrusion of the U.S. in the first place (see President Fillmore's letter derived from the ill-treatment accorded American whaling crews when shipwrecked off the coast or landing for provisions or repairs. The treaty fully satisfied the U.S. government's concerns in this regard but left to the future the equally important matter of opening the country to foreign trade; concluded in 1858 with the signing of the Harris treaty.

Perry's great achievement was widely recognized at the time. Perhaps there is no better praise for this naval veteran of 45 years' service than the collective memorial sent by the American merchants at Canton to the Commodore in Sept. 1854 on his return trip to the U.S.:
"You have conquered the obstinate will of man and, by overturning the cherished policy of an empire, have brought an estranged but culturated people into the family of nations. You have done this without violence, and the world has looked on with admiration to see the barriers of prejudice fall before the flag of our country without the firing of a shot."

THE UNITED STATES of America and the Empire of Japan, desiring to establish firm, lasting, and sincere friendship between the two nations, have resolved to fix, in a manner clear and positive, by means of a treaty or general convention of peace and amity, the rules which shall in future be mutually observed in the intercourse of their respective countries; for which most desirable object the President of the United States has conferred full powers on his Commissioner, Matthew Calbraith Perry, Special Ambassador of the United States to Japan, and the August Sovereign of Japan has given similar full powers to his Commissioners . . . . . . And the said Commissioners, after having exchanged their said full powers, and duly considered the premises, have agreed to the following articles:

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

FOR FULL TEXT MAIL TO ME

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Chang ·Matsukata

書き立ての一部は訂正のために調整されるの後で掲示される削除される。

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USA SOLDIERS ENJOY TELLING STORIES, TO GEISHA'S AND JAPAN WOMEN

YEN SYBLES COMPETITION II,see history of japan banknotes

Currency Symbols

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,
japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,
Currency symbols appear frequently in typeset copy. In the United States it’s the dollar and cent signs that are most commonly used, but others are often seen as well. Here’s a roundup of the currency symbols found in the character complement of most fonts.

British Sterling
The British Sterling, commonly referred to as the pound, is still the currency in England, Scotland and the United Kingdom’s territories. The pound symbol looks like a calligraphic capital L with a crossbar through it. It can be typed on a Mac by pressing option+3. In a Windows environment, the pound symbol is accessed with the alt key+0163.

Yen
The yen is the standard monetary unit of Japan. Its symbol looks like a cap Y with a double crossbar through the bottom half. The Mac keystroke for the yen symbol is option+y. Within Windows, the yen symbol is accessed by using the alt key+0165.

Florin
The Dutch florin (also called the guilder or gulden) was the basic unit of money in the Netherlands until it was replaced by the euro. The florin symbol looks like a swash lowercase ‘f’. The keystrokes on a Mac for the florin symbol are option+f. In Windows, use the alt key+0131.

Euro
Since 2002, the euro has been the exclusive currency of 12 European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Finland, France (except Pacific territories using the CFP franc), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. The euro symbol looks like a capital C with a double crossbar.

Both Apple and Microsoft have included euro symbols in fonts distributed with their operating systems and applications since 1998, and most fonts released since then contain the euro symbol (it replaces the little-used international currency symbol). The euro symbol can be accessed on a Mac by pressing shift+option+2, and within Windows by using the alt key+0128.

Many foundries have remanufactured their font libraries to include the euro mark, and include the symbol in new releases. Others have offered freely available fonts that contain euro glyphs in various weights and styles, designed to blend in with a wide range of typestyles.

Editor’s Note: Ilene Strizver, founder of The Type Studio, is a typographic consultant, designer and writer specializing in all aspects of typographic communication. Read more about typography in her latest literary effort, Type Rules!, published by North Light Books.

YEN SYMBLE CONTEST FINALS WITH GOLD BAR

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

RAT REPELLENT food powder mixed in paper used in bank notes STRANGE

RAT REPELLENT food powder mixed in paper used in bank notes STRANGE,RATS prone to DIABETIC
By chang
SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Japan's feudal chiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations, but the New Currency Act of Meiji (1871) did away with these and established the yen as the new decimal currency. The former han became prefectures and their mints became private chartered banks which, however, initially retained the right to print money. For a time both the central government and these so-called "national" banks issued money; to end this, the Bank of Japan was founded in Meiji 15 (1882) and given a monopoly on controlling the money supply.

The Bank of Japan issued its first banknotes on Meiji 18 (1885), and despite some small glitches --
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ FOR EXAMPLE $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
"""""""it turned out that the konnyaku powder mixed in the paper to prevent counterfeiting made the bills a delicacy for rats $$$$$$,;
the run was largely successful.""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
In 1897 Japan joined the gold standard and in 1899 the former "national" banknotes were formally phased out.WKI

RATS ARE PETS FOR SOME .

Life cycle of Commodore Matthew C. Perry from NAVY DEPT

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER
Commodore Matthew C. Perry

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

• Born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island on April 10, 1794.
• Embarked in a naval career as midshipman at the age of fifteen.
• Advanced to the rank of Lieutenant in 1813.

• In 1837, Perry supervised the construction of first naval steamship, Fulton.
• Promoted to the rank of Captain in 1837.
• Promoted to the rank of Commodore in 1842.
• In 1843-1844, Perry commanded the African Squadron, which was engaged in suppressing the slave trade.
• In 1853, Perry was sent on a mission by President Millard Fillmore to establish trade with Japan – a country that had been isolated from the outside world since the 17^th century.
• In July of that same year, Perry leads a squadron of four ships into Tokyo Bay and presented representatives of the Japanese Emperor with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship treaty. The Japanese rejected Perry’s demands and Perry withdrew.
• Perry returned to Japan in February, 1854. This time he appears with seven ships - four sailing ships, three steamers – and one thousand, six hundred men.
• After a standoff, Perry landed for peace and trade talks on March 8, 1854, and began to negotiate with the Japanese to establish a trade agreement.
• On March 31, 1854, Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa on behalf of the United States, which established "permanent" friendship between the two countries. The treaty guaranteed that the Japanese would save shipwrecked Americans and provide fuel for American ships, but also opened the opportunity for trade between Japan and the United States. The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese isolation.
• Perry died in New York City, New York on March 4, 1858.

Boston traders minted one gold medal gave to Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,

An exact replica of the Gokoku-ji Bell which Commodore (Cdre.) Perry brought back from Japan as a gift from the Ryukyuan Government. Currently stationed at the entrance of Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD


Boston traders minted one gold medal gave to Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry,
Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry helped the traders and WESTERN BANKING,the BOSTON traders gave him the gold medal by minting only one piece.,
The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.
After the arrival of commandar Perry with his three black ships the Western Merchants saw the opportunity of trade and banking in Japan. But the Japanese Government did not open all the ports for Western Powers till March 1863,
YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

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$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal see its value in GOLD NUGGETS

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal

Commodore Perry’s Gold Medal

by Samuel Pennington

The* gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of $30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive testing using acid.

Gamage said the medal was consigned on behalf of a Long Island, New York, estate. There was no information at the auction as to how and when it left the Perry family.

*Designated PE-26 in Medals of the United States Mint: The First Century 1792-1892 by R.W. Julian, reprinted and updated in 1977 by the Token and Medal Society.

COMMODORE PERRY'S GOLD MEDAL SOLD IN MAINE ESTATE SALE

The E-Sylum:  Volume 10, Number 37, September 16, 2007, Article 7

COMMODORE PERRY'S GOLD MEDAL SOLD IN MAINE ESTATE SALE

A unique and very important medal was sold recently in a Rockland,
Maine estate sale, as reported by Sam Pennington of The Maine
Antique Digest:

"The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants
of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in
negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31,
and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy
original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of
ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine,
on Monday, August 27.

"The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid
for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck
along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

"The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of
$30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer
Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to
remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City
coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

"Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed
the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one
of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least
five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal
to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive
testing using acid."

Antiques and the Arts interviewed the auctioneer about the piece:

"A gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1854 for
his efforts in Japan was a glittering draw for collectors at Bruce
Gamage Jr's annual Maine summer auction on August 27. Marking what
the auctioneer characterized as a 'career high' sale, the medal
sold for $165,000 to an anonymous New York City buyer on the phone.

"The medal came from a local summer family, according to Gamage.

"'I knew it was gold and I knew it was good, but I decided to estimate
it on the value of the gold rather than historical considerations,'
said Gamage of the lot's $4/6,000 initial presale estimate. After the
week went by, however, 'I was getting all of these calls [about the
medal], and that's when I began thinking it might bring $30/40,000.'

"The annual estate auction was, as Gamage said by telephone afterwards,
'A fun sale,' grossing close to a half million dollars, which is about
as good as it has been in Gamage's 39-year career."

To read the complete article and view images of the medal, see:
Full Story

[Ads published in Sam Pennington's Maine Antique Digest and website
alerted collectors to the offering.  Sam is working on a longer piece
for the MCA Advisory.  Were any of our readers among those bidding
on the piece?  -Editor]

To view the Maine Antique Digest web ad for the sale, see:
Full Story 

Wayne Homren, Editor

Admiral Perry Gold Medal sold for $165,000.00

$165,000.00 for Perry’s Gold Medal

The gold medal presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry by merchants of Boston “…in token of their appreciation of his services in negotiating the treaty with Japan signed at Yoku-Hama, March 31, and with Lew Chew at Napa, July 11, 1854…” sold with its raggedy original case for $165,000 (including buyer’s premium) to one of ten phone bidders at Bruce Gamage’s auction in Rockland, Maine, on Monday, August 27.

The medal was struck in 1856 at the U.S. Mint on request and paid for by the Boston merchants. There was this one gold medal struck along with 20 silver medals and 104 bronze medals.

The price far exceeded the most ambitious presale estimate of $30,000/40,000 posited by serious buyers. According to auctioneer Gamage, the buyer was a collector from New York City who wishes to remain anonymous. The underbidder on the floor was New York City coin and medals dealer Anthony Terranova.

Not that it mattered in the end, but Gamage said he had weighed the medal on a gram scale and gave that weight and the size to one of the phone bidders who determined that it “contained at least five thousand dollars worth of gold.” Gamage also took the medal to a local jeweler, but did not do any potentially destructive testing using acid.

Gamage said the medal was consigned on behalf of a Long Island, New York, estate. There was no information at the auction as to how and when it left the Perry family.

*Designated PE-26 in Medals of the United States Mint: The First Century 1792-1892 by R.W. Julian, reprinted and updated in 1977 by the Token and Medal Society.

Maine Antique Digest
YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,

Yokohama goldbar,Yokohama 200grams gold piece,

Gold Bars Research Categories of gold bars
As Displayed at the International Gold Bars Collection, Bank of England Museum

The Gold Information Network is pleased to share with you a detailed listing of historic gold bars from around the world. A

gold bar is defined as any gold item, regardless of shape, which is made by a bar manufacturer, records the name of the

manufacturer, the precise weight and the precise purity, and is sold at a low premium above the gold price. The Gold

Information Network recommends the following gold bar for investment purposes.

Credit Suisse Gold Bars 1 oz

Below, we've detailed The International Gold Bars Exhibition highlights of rare and unique gold bars to show you the the

remarkable range and diversity of gold bars. These are extremely rare expensive gold bars from a private collection and not

available for sale at any price.
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) bar
Kilobars
‘Tezabi’ Bars
Tael Bars
Baht Bars
Tola Bars
Chi Bars
Decorative Bars
‘Hologram’ Bars
‘Rainbow’ Bars
‘Yin-Yang’ Bars
‘Koban’ Bars
‘Twin-Coin’ Bar‘
Gold Leaf’ Bars
Fine Gold Cards
‘Bone’ Bar
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
‘Pendant’ Bars
‘Double Pendant’ Bars
‘Bank’ Bars
‘Commemorative’ Bars
‘Heart’ Bars
‘Kinebars™’
‘Bullion Watch’ Bars
‘Fine Art’ Bars
‘Bas-Relief’ Bar
Full-Colour’ Bars
‘Cartoon’ Bars ‘Minted ‘Brick’ Bars
‘Model’ Bars
The world’s largest and
smallest - bars
Historical Rothschild Bars
Oldest Stamp
Oldest Assay Mark
Bullion Coins
Gold Nuggets
Gold-Bearing Ore
‘Dore’ Bars
‘Garimpo’ Dore
‘400’ oz (‘12.5’ kg) gold bars
Information provided by the World Gold Council
Source of gold bar information "The Industry Catalogue of Gold Bars Worldwide"
There are only 55 active manufacturers worldwide whose ‘400 oz’ (‘12.5 kg’) bars are accepted internationally as London Good

Delivery.

‘400 oz’ London Good Delivery bars are permitted to weigh between 350 oz and 430 oz. Minimum gold purity: 99.5%. Around

150,000 are made each year. Central banks normally hold gold in the form of these bars and are believed to hold 2.5 million

of them.
Kilobars gold bars
The kilobar (1000 g) is the world’s most widely traded small gold bar. It is popular among investors and fabricators as it is

normally traded at an extremely low premium above the prevailing value of its gold content.

While most kilobars have a flat ‘international’ shape, traditional kilobars in the shape of a ‘brick’ are still preferred by

some investors and fabricators in Europe.

The Exhibition displays the kilobars of 53 manufacturers which are approved by the world’s major gold dealing exchanges in

London, New York, Tokyo and Zurich.
‘Tezabi’ Gold Bars
These rough cast bars are manufactured by thousands of small ‘backyard’ bar manufacturers in Pakistan to a theoretical

‘99.9%’ purity. The bars are not made to any precise weight but depend on the variable amount of gold available, usually old

gold jewellery, to be melted in the crucible.

They resemble the earliest known gold coins made by the Lydian kings of Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. The method used by

Pakistanis in the manufacture of ‘tezabi’ bars is not believed to have changed in over 2,000 years. The Exhibition displays

tezabi bars manufactured by Saleh Mohammed in Pakistan.
Tael Gold Bars
A tael is a Chinese unit of weight. One tael is equivalent to 1.2 oz or 37.4 g. Tael bars, ranging from � tael to 10 taels,

are widely traded in Chinese-speaking countries, mainly Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Cast tael bars are manufactured in 3 shapes: ‘biscuits’, ‘doughnuts’ and ‘boats’ and the Exhibition displays a variety of

tael bars from manufacturers in Hong Kong.

‘Boat’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘boats’, range from � tael to 10 taels. The traditional ‘boat’ shape is known to

have been used for silver and other Chinese coinage as far back as the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD).

‘Biscuit’ Bars - The most popular tael bar weight is the 5 tael ‘biscuit’ cast bar (6 oz or 187 g). 5 tael ‘biscuits’,

manufactured in Hong Kong and accredited to the Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange (founded in 1910), are traded in large

quantities. Minted tael bars, normally made outside Hong Kong, are also available.

‘Doughnut’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘doughtnuts’, are available in 3 small sizes, �, 1 and 2 taels. The ‘doughnut’

shape is a traditional Chinese shape for coinage. The hole enables many bars to be securely stacked together on wooden rods

or bound together with string.

Baht Gold Bars
The baht is a Thai unit of weight. The most popular bar is the 10 baht cast bar, equivalent to 150.4 g or 4.9 oz. The

traditional gold purity of baht bars is unusual: 96.5%. The Exhibition displays baht bars issued by a variety of

manufacturers.
Tola Gold Bars
The tola is an Indian unit of weight. The most popular weight is the 10 tola cast bar, equivalent to 3.75 oz or 116.64 g.

More than 2 million are manufactured annually. Tola bars, most of which are imported from Europe, are widely traded in the

Middle East, India, Pakistan and Singapore.

10 tola bars are distinctive in two ways. They have smooth rounded edges and are an ideal size for smuggling, if necessary

inside the smuggler’s body. They have no serial numbers. Round minted tola bars are often incorporated into jewellery,

especially in Pakistan where ‘marriage necklaces’ can weigh 500 g or more. The Exhibition displays tola bars issued by a

variety of manufacturers.
Chi Gold Bars
The chi is a Vietnamese unit of weight. 1 chi weighs 3.75 g. 10 chi (or 1 cay or 1 luong) weighs 37.5 g. Pamp (Switzerland)

was the first among accredited manufacturers to produce a range of chi denominated minted bars for Vietnam. The Exhibition

displays a variety of chi bars.
Decorative Gold Bars
The application of an attractive decorative design to the reverse side of a standard minted bar has occurred only since

around 1980. The manufacture of decorative minted bars is dominated by accredited manufacturers in Switzerland, Germany and

Brazil and several are exhibited.
‘Hologram’ Gold Bars
Pamp (Switzerland) pioneered the application of multi-coloured hologram designs to minted bars in 1990. These bars, popular

in the Middle East, are now distributed worldwide and a variety of hologram bars are on display.
‘Rainbow’ Gold Bars
Mitsubishi (Japan) is the pioneer manufacturer of multi-coloured ‘rainbow’ bars. The manufacturing process combines different

carat gold colour tones in order to create an infinite variety of attractive patterns. The Exhibition displays experimental

bars, made in 1993, which illustrate ‘rainbow’, ‘woodgrain’, ‘textile’ and ‘polka dot’ patterns. The bar purity is 75% (18

carat).
‘Yin-Yang’ Gold Bars
Several unusual ‘Yin-Yang’ bars issued by Ishifuku (Japan) in 1993 are displayed. These two innovative ‘kidney’ shaped bars

depict the Zen religious symbol representing the harmony of opposites.
‘Koban’ Gold Bars
Tokuriki Honten (Japan) has manufactured attractive ‘Koban’ bars since the early 1960s, ranging from 5 g to 50 g. The bars

commemorate the oval shape of traditional Japanese gold coinage issued between the 16th and 19th centuries.
‘Twin-Coin’ Gold Bars
Yoo Long Kim Kee (Thailand) was the first to manufacture a decorative cast bar to a precise weight through injecting gold

into an enclosed mould under pressure. The Exhibition displays an experimental 1 baht bar, described as a ‘twin-coin’ bar,

which was manufactured in 1992.
‘Gold Leaf’ Bars
From the 1930s until the end of the Vietnam war in 1975, unusual ‘gold leaf’ bars were widely manufactured in Vietnam. Their

thinness makes them extremely portable, easily placed inside shoes, sewn into the lining of clothes or rolled into narrow

tubes. Thousands of these bars, smuggled by Vietnamese refugees, were sold to gold dealers, mainly in South East Asia. The

standard bar weighs around 15 g.

The Exhibition displays gold leaf bars which are on loan from the Kenneth Yeung Collection, King Fook Finance Co Ltd, Hong

Kong.
Fine Gold Cards
Fine gold cards, pioneered by Mitsubishi (Japan) in the mid-1980s, enable multi-coloured printed designs to be applied to

their smooth surfaces. Although gold cards up to 1000 g are available, the 1 g card is the most widely sold in Japan and

cards issued by a variety of Japanese manufacturers are on display.
‘Bone’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an innovative 100 g cast bar in an unconventional ‘bone’ shape which was manufactured by Degussa

(Brazil) in 1982.
‘Gold Fillet’ Bars
The ‘Gold Fillet’ bars, which are manufactured from thin rolled gold strips, are sometimes produced to display the official

stamps of ‘400 oz’ (12.5 kg) bars where they are not used in the manufacture of smaller bars. The Exhibition displays two

‘gold fillet’ bars produced by Australian Gold Refineries at its Perth and Kalgoorlie refineries. They illustrate the

official stamps and other markings which appear only on its London Good Delivery ‘400 oz’ bars.
‘Pendant’ Gold Bars
Degussa (Germany) is recorded as the first among accredited manufacturers to have manufactured in 1978 a minted bar in an

unconventional (hexagonal) shape and incorporating a hole to facilitate its use as a pendant. In 1984, Pamp (Switzerland)

expanded the concept, pioneering the production of minted bars in many unusual shapes, as well as incorporating hangers. The

Exhibition displays pendant bars by a variety of manufacturers.
‘Double Pendant’ Gold Bars
In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) launched ‘double-pendant’ bars in the Middle East. They are available in three weights (10 g, 7.5

g and 5 g) with two inner shapes: heart and circular and the Exhibition displays a variety of double pendant bars.
‘Bank’ Gold Bars
Many banks issue minted bars, marked with their own name but manufactured by an external manufacturer. In Europe and Brazil,

minted ‘bank’ bars are widely available and a variety are on display.
‘Commemorative’ Gold Bars
Some accredited manufacturers, most notably Degussa (Germany) and Degussa (Brazil), issue minted bars commemorating important

national or international events. The minting of ‘commemorative’ bars, incorporating the mark of the accredited manufacturer,

is not yet widespread but a selection of commemorative bars are displayed.
‘Heart’ Gold Bars
Innovative ‘heart’ bars, defined as heart-shaped or incorporating a heart design, were first made by Pamp SA in 1994, the

outcome of a World Gold Council initiative in Singapore. The ‘heart’ bars of ARY Traders (UAE), launched in 1997, have

aroused much interest in UAE, Pakistan and India and the Exhibition displays ‘heart’ bars from both manufacturers.
‘Kinebars™’
Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), through its subsidiary refinery, Argor-Heraeus SA, has applied a KINEGRAM™ as a security

device to the reverse of its minted bars since December 1993. This new bar is called kinebar? and a range of UBS kinebars?

are shown.

KINEGRAM™ is the trade mark of the security device developed by Landis & Gyr Communications.
‘Bullion Watch’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a remarkable range of ‘bullion watches’ pioneered by Pamp SA (Switzerland) that are designed to be

traded, like bullion bars or coins, according to the prevailing value of their fine gold content. Launched internationally in

Hong Kong in 1994, they incorporate circular dials which contain either 1 oz or � oz of 99.99% gold. They are available in

more than 100 different styles and designs in 3 categories designated: ‘man’, ‘woman’ and ‘unisex’. Straps can be in gold,

steel or leather.
‘Fine Art’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays two series of innovative gold proof bars with a gold purity of 99.99%, which were minted by the

Singapore Mint in 1994 - ‘Balinese Girl’ (75 g), which is one of four decorative ‘Art Ingots’, and ‘$10: The Government of

the Strait Settlement’(41 g), one of four decorative ingots depicting historical banknotes.
‘Bas-Relief’ Gold Bar
The Exhibition includes an unusual bar manufactured by Buan Hua Long (Thailand) which still marks its standard 5, 10 and 25

baht bars in bas-relief. The marks, carved into the base of the bar mould, are formed as soon as the molten gold is poured

into the mould. This traditional method of marking cast bars eliminates the need for conventional marking tools: dies,

punches and hammers.
‘Full-Colour’ Gold Bars
One dimensional designs in full colour are now applied to decorative gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) issued a range of

10 g oval pendant bars depicting characters from Indian mythology (eg Krishna, Laxmiji) in full colour and the Exhibition

displays several ‘full colour’ bars.
‘Cartoon’ Gold Bars
Famous Famous cartoon characters are now being depicted on small gold bars. In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) introduced designs

from Warner Bros (eg Tweety and Bugs Bunny) and, in 1997, from Disney (eg Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck). Samples of all these

bars are shown.
Minted ‘Brick’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a 50 g minted bar, manufactured by SEMPSA (Spain) in the shape of a ‘brick’ which is unique. It is

the only minted bar among accredited bar manufacturers worldwide to have tapered sides, closely resembling the shape of

typical large 400 oz (12.5 kg) London Good Delivery Bars.
‘Model’ Gold Bars
LG Metals Corporation (South Korea) has issued, since 1991, a traditional range of ‘model’ bars (average purity 99.98%) in

the form of pigs (a symbol of wealth), toads (good fortune) and turtles (longevity). Denominated in ‘Dons’, a Korean unit of

weight (1 ‘don’ equals 3.75 g), they are normally traded at a small premium above the gold price. ‘Model’ bars are especially

popular among Koreans as gifts for weddings and anniversaries and the Exhibition displays an example of each.
‘Mirror’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an unusual ‘mirror’ bar, available in 1, 2 and 4 baht weights, which was manufactured by Yoo Long Kim

Kee (Thailand) in 1989.
The world’s largest - and smallest - gold bars The smallest cast bar in

grammes weighs 10 g, first made in Brazil by Degussa (since 1985) as well as subsequently by Ourinvest and CRM. The smallest

cast bar in ounces is the � oz ‘button’ bar made by the Perth Mint (Australia) since 1976.

Tanaka (Japan) has manufactured the world’s smallest minted bars, mainly for the jewellery industry, since 1990. They weigh

only 0.5 g and 0.3 g. 1 g minted bars, first issued by Cr�dit Suisse (Switzerland) in 1980, are manufactured by 12 accredited

manufacturers worldwide, including Degussa and Heraeus.

The Exhibition displays examples of each of these bars as well as the world’s largest standard minted bars: the 20 oz and 500

g which are manufactured by Johnson Matthey (Canada).
Historical Rothschild Gold Bars NM

Rothschild & Sons Limited (United Kingdom) manufactured gold bars in London for more than 100 years until 1967. The

Exhibition displays a 100 g bar which was kindly provided by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo KK (Japan), and a 50 g bar provided by

Dresdner Bank AG (Germany).
Oldest Stamp on a Gold Bar An

official stamp on a bar identifies the name of the issuing company. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest

official stamp still in use is that of the Homestake Mining Company (USA) which has been using the same stamp since 1878. A

sample is displayed.
Oldest Assay Mark on a Gold Bar The

Exhibition also displays the world’s oldest assay mark. In addition to an official stamp, many bar manufacturers apply an

assay mark to the bar, certifying the weight and purity. Among accredited manufacturers worldwide, the oldest assay mark

still in use is that of Sch�ne Edelmetaal BV (Netherlands). The same mark, depicting a mercury staff and two snakes, has been

used for more than 200 years.
Bullion Coins

The Exhibition also displays a variety of the world’s leading bullion coins. For many investors bullion coins,

denominated in ounces and issued by national mints, offer the easiest way to hold gold. The Krugerrand (South Africa) was the

first gold coin to be issued with a precise weight in ounces. The 1 oz coin was launched in 1967, the smaller sizes in 1980.
Gold Nuggets

The Exhibition tells the story of gold from its original form as ore or nuggets and displays samples of nuggets from

Australia, the USA and South Africa. The discovery of gold nuggets stimulated four great gold rushes in the 19th century: USA

(1840s), Australia (1850s), South Africa (1880s) and Canada (1890s). These four countries, together with Russia, still

dominate the world’s supply of newly-mined gold. While most nuggets are small, the largest known nugget was the ‘Welcome

Stranger’. Discovered in Australia in 1858, it weighed 2,284 oz (71 kg).
Gold-Bearing Ore

The Exhibition also displays gold-bearing ore from a variety of countries. Almost all newly-mined gold is laboriously

extracted from this gold-bearing ore. Typically, around 5 - 10 tonnes of ore is processed to yield just one ounce of gold.

Much gold is mined at great depths below ground. In South Africa, the world’s largest gold producing country, these depths

can exceed 3 km.
‘Dore’ Gold Bars

Most major gold mines process their gold-bearing ore at the site of the mine, producing low purity ‘dore’ bars and the

Exhibition includes samples of these rough bars which are sent to gold refineries for upgrading into tradeable bars of high

purity (99.5% or more). ‘Dore’ bars are normally large, some weighing as much as 25 kg.
‘Garimpo’ Dore

The Exhibition includes samples of ‘Garimpo’ dore bars which are made by ‘garimpeiros’, Brazilian peasants who mine

gold independently or in small groups in the Amazon jungle. Brazil was the world’s major source of newly-mined gold in the

18th century. It still yields around 75 tonnes annually.

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world

SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,

japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,